An Independent View · 2021–2025
Health Research,
Recorded.
Explore health publications and registered clinical studies.
Papers and registrations are counted separately, never added together.
Papers and registrations are different kinds of record. They are counted separately and never added together, anywhere on this site. Counts describe recorded activity; they do not assess quality, benefit or performance.
Research At A Glance
Year applies to all three record types: the recorded study start year for registrations and the year of earliest publication for papers. The publication scope applies only to publications. Choose a count to open its records.
Showing 2021–2025 · research papers only
Clinical trials listing a Saudi site
industry-led · 21% of the 572
ClinicalTrials.gov · 2021–2025 provisional
Observational studies listing a Saudi site
industry-led · 36% of the 137
ClinicalTrials.gov · 2021–2025 provisional
Research publications
industry-involved · 2% of the 67,466
PubMed with OpenAlex · 2021–2025 provisional
Registrations are ClinicalTrials.gov records; a listed site doesn't prove recruitment in Saudi Arabia.
Journals that follow ICMJE policy require clinical trials to be registered before enrolment begins, in ClinicalTrials.gov or another accepted registry; observational studies have no such requirement, so registered observational studies are a small, selective part of observational research. These figures count studies recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov; they do not measure total research volume, study completion or financial investment.
A listed site does not prove that participants were recruited in Saudi Arabia. Withdrawn studies and expanded-access records are not counted.
Industry in registrations means a lead sponsor that is a company making or selling health products (industry guide, section two), or a contract research organisation with such a company listed as collaborator, so hospital groups and other providers that ClinicalTrials.gov labels “industry” are not counted.
Industry involvement in papers is a lower bound.
Industry involvement is identified from the paper's own record and registration; it does not establish financial investment and is a lower bound.
Industry in papers comes from each paper's own industry code; industry in registrations comes from the lead sponsor. They are different measures of different records and are never combined.
OpenAlex-Normalised Citation Influence & Open Access
Mean field-weighted citation impact: World = 1.00. Share in the world’s top 10% most cited: World = 10%. Both use fractional counting and are compared with the world for the same field and year, by OpenAlex publication year.
Open-access share: full counting; any open-access route in OpenAlex: diamond, gold, hybrid, green or bronze; the share of papers with an open-access status recorded.
Source: OpenAlex. A measure shown as “Not shown” gives its reason beside it.
Not shown. Not yet computed, below the threshold for a reliable figure, or the only source is too old to print. The reason is always given.
Mean field-weighted citation impact
2.17
95% stability interval 2.13 to 2.21 · 51,089 papers with the measure · OpenAlex years 2021–2024 provisional
Not shown
Share in the world’s top 10% most cited
24.3%
95% stability interval 23.8% to 24.8% · 51,089 papers with the measure · OpenAlex years 2021–2024 provisional
Not shown
Open-access share
79%
of the 67,441 papers with an open-access status recorded · 2021–2025 provisional
National Health Facts · Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia: National Health Facts
National health facts checked against their sources: 4 November 2026 to 5 November 2026.
Each card names its source in short; its ⓘ gives the full source. The full view below holds every fact with its full source.
Estimate. Estimated or modelled by its source, not counted directly.
Official. A government's own reported statistic.
National figures for all residents unless stated, with health spending, national goals and research goals.
At A Glance
35.3 million
people in mid-2024; 44.4% are not Saudi nationals
Estimate GASTAT · mid-2024
Estimate GASTAT, Population Estimates Statistics 2024 · mid-2024
78.9 years
life expectancy at birth; healthy life expectancy is 66.5 years
Estimate WHO · 2023
Estimate WHO data portal, Saudi Arabia · 2023
77%
of lost healthy life comes from noncommunicable diseases; injuries account for 12%
Estimate WHO · 2023
Estimate WHO Global Health Estimates, 2023 · 2023
6.2
deaths before age 5 per 1,000 live births (2023)
Estimate Ministry of Health · 2023
Estimate Ministry of Health, Saudi Global Health Report: SDGs & WHO 100 Core Indicators, version 1.0 (updated 30 August 2025) · 2023
5.69%
of GDP went on health care in 2023, US$1,825.25 per person; the government paid 77.77%
Estimate WHO, via World Bank · 2023
Estimate WHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026) · 2023
0.63%
of GDP went on research and development in 2024, across all fields; the national target is 2.5% by 2040
Official DataSaudi · 2024
Official DataSaudi (Ministry of Economy and Planning), internationally reported indicators · 2024
Show Health Facts & SourcesHide Health Facts & Sources
Population & Health Status
GASTAT puts the population at 35.3 million in mid-2024, 4.7% more than a year earlier. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy are WHO estimates for all residents.
- Saudi nationals: 19.6M · 55.6%
- Non-Saudi residents: 15.7M · 44.4%
Source: GASTAT, Population Estimates Statistics 2024
- 33.3 million the UN population WHO's burden estimates use for 2023, so WHO rates and GASTAT counts do not share a denominatorWHO Global Health Estimates, 2023 · 2023
Years; shaded bands are WHO's uncertainty intervals
Life expectancy Healthy life expectancy
Show The Figures
| Series | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 77.476.0 to 78.8 | 76.975.6 to 78.3 | 77.376.1 to 78.5 | 77.676.6 to 78.7 | 77.276.2 to 78.2 | 76.875.9 to 77.8 | 76.876.1 to 77.6 | 77.676.3 to 79.0 | 78.976.6 to 81.3 |
| Healthy life expectancy | 65.961.6 to 69.8 | 65.661.4 to 69.5 | 65.861.7 to 69.6 | 66.162.0 to 69.8 | 65.861.8 to 69.4 | 65.261.2 to 68.9 | 65.161.2 to 68.6 | 65.761.3 to 69.7 | 66.561.5 to 71.4 |
Intervals: uncertainty interval · Source: WHO data portal, Saudi Arabia
Leading Causes
WHO estimates about 76,000 deaths in 2023. DALYs are the years of healthy life lost to illness, disability or early death.
Share of all DALYs
- Noncommunicable diseases: 77%
- Injuries: 12%
- Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional: 10%
Source: WHO Global Health Estimates, 2023
Share of all DALYs
| Series | Share of all DALYs | DALYs |
|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | 9.5% | 615,576 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 7.3% | 478,267 |
| Back and neck pain | 6.0% | 388,021 |
| Road injury | 5.7% | 372,195 |
| Anxiety disorders | 4.3% | 279,127 |
| Depressive disorders | 4.1% | 264,978 |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 3.0% | 196,199 |
| Skin diseases | 2.8% | 182,512 |
| Migraine | 2.7% | 178,117 |
| Stroke | 2.3% | 151,495 |
Source: WHO Global Health Estimates, 2023
Estimated deaths
| Series | Estimated deaths |
|---|---|
| Ischaemic heart disease | 14,2699,456 to 19,741 |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 7,0514,173 to 11,154 |
| Diabetes | 6,5934,080 to 9,854 |
| Lower respiratory infections | 5,4762,982 to 9,507 |
| Road injury | 4,8773,107 to 6,720 |
| Stroke | 4,2352,286 to 6,828 |
| Kidney diseases | 1,817921 to 3,146 |
| Colon and rectum cancers | 1,6911,118 to 2,438 |
| Congenital anomalies | 1,294554 to 2,404 |
| Breast cancer | 1,189764 to 1,836 |
Intervals: uncertainty interval · Source: WHO Global Health Estimates, 2023
Children & Mothers
Child and maternal mortality are UN inter-agency estimates, the figures Saudi Arabia reports against for the UN development goals.
Deaths per 1,000 live births
Under 5 years Under 1 year First 28 days
Show The Figures
| Series | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 5 years | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.0 |
| Under 1 year | 7.3 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.7 |
| First 28 days | 4.5 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.9 |
Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, via the WHO data portal (rows updated 30 September 2026)
Deaths per 100,000 live births; shaded band is the 80% uncertainty interval
Show The Figures
| Series | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal mortality | 8.05.6 to 11.4 | 7.95.6 to 11.2 | 7.95.6 to 11.3 | 8.05.6 to 11.4 | 7.95.5 to 11.2 | 11.18.5 to 14.8 | 12.39.5 to 16.2 | 9.07.0 to 12.0 | 7.44.9 to 11.1 |
Intervals: 80% uncertainty interval · Source: UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group, via the WHO data portal
- 98% of infants received three doses of DTP vaccine, 2025WHO/UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage, via the WHO data portal · 2025
- 99% received the second measles dose, 2025WHO/UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage, via the WHO data portal · 2025
| Series | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DTP3 coverage | 98% | 98% | 98% | 96% | 96% | 95% | 97% | 98% | 97% | 97% | 98% |
| Measles second dose | 96% | 96% | 96% | 97% | 96% | 96% | 97% | 98% | 96% | 96% | 99% |
Source: WHO/UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage, via the WHO data portal
Health System
The Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions had accredited 2,594 facilities by 2025. These are accredited facilities, not all facilities in the country.
Count
| Series | Count |
|---|---|
| Primary care centres | 1,444 |
| Outpatient clinics | 533 |
| Hospitals | 354 |
| Medical laboratories | 139 |
| Dental centres | 92 |
| Home health care services | 21 |
| Acute coronary syndrome services | 11 |
Source: Saudi Health Council, Annual Report 2025
9.6%
of hospitals in the green band, meaning all basic safety standards met at 85% or more
2016
70.77%
of hospitals in the green band, meaning all basic safety standards met at 85% or more
2024
80.66%
of hospitals in the green band, meaning all basic safety standards met at 85% or more
2025
Source: Saudi Health Council, Annual Report 2025
- 33 million+ people covered by the unified health record (Nafis), 2025Saudi Health Council, Annual Report 2025 · 2025
- 41 accredited organ and tissue transplant programmes, 2025Saudi Health Council, Annual Report 2025 · 2025
Health Spending
WHO's health accounts, the standard international measure. Current spending covers health care and running costs; it leaves out investment in buildings and equipment. In 2020 the share of GDP jumped, mostly because GDP fell that year; spending per person rose only 5%.
- 5.69% of GDP, 2023WHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026) · 2023
- US$1,825.25 per person, 2023WHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026) · 2023
- 77.77% paid by governmentWHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026) · 2023
- 14.12% paid by households out of pocketWHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026) · 2023
- 13.69% of all government spending went to healthWHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026) · 2023
Percent
Show The Figures
| Series | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health spending | 5.86% | 6.24% | 6.03% | 5.34% | 5.47% | 6.65% | 5.93% | 5.31% | 5.69% |
Source: WHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026)
Share of current health spending, percent; the rest is other private spending, such as insurance
Government Out of pocket
| Series | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Government | 70.30% | 73.79% | 78.29% | 76.98% | 77.14% | 77.77% |
| Out of pocket | 15.90% | 11.40% | 10.08% | 10.16% | 12.78% | 14.12% |
| Per person (US$) | US$1,488.98 | US$1,504.55 | US$1,574.70 | US$1,654.74 | US$1,830.89 | US$1,825.25 |
| Health share of government spending | 11.05% | 11.98% | 13.32% | 14.40% | 14.51% | 13.69% |
Source: WHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026)
Government Budget: Health and Social Development
The Ministry of Finance budgets health together with social development: 30 government bodies, whose work includes health care, emergency services and research, as well as human resources, social welfare, culture, media and sport. Its sector tables give no health-only figure. Actual spending in the sector was above budget in every year from 2022 to 2025; for 2023 the Ministry attributed this mainly to social protection programmes.
SAR billion; the Ministry of Finance prints the 2022, 2024 and 2025 figures in SAR million; not health spending alone
Budget Actual
| Series | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Budget | 138 | 189 | 214 | 260 | 259 |
| Actual | 227 | 256 | 273 | 279 | |
| Actual as % of budget | 164% | 135% | 128% | 107% | |
| Budget share of state budget | 14.5% | 17.0% | 17.1% | 20.2% | 19.7% |
Source: Ministry of Finance: budget performance reports (Q4 2022, FY2023 year-end, Q4 2024, Q4 2025), budget statements 2015–2026; the sector's 30 government bodies from the FY2026 budget statement (Arabic edition), p. 54; the 2023 reason from the FY2023 year-end report, p. 20
SAR billion, from the Ministry of Health's figures in SAR thousand. The Ministry only; military and university hospitals are budgeted elsewhere.
| Series | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Health | 62.3 | 58.9 | 67.8 | 64.3 | 75.4 | 75.4 | 79.8 | 77.7 | 80.8 | 86.3 | 99.3 |
| Share of state budget | 7.2% | 7.0% | 7.6% | 6.6% | 6.8% | 7.4% | 8.1% | 8.1% | 7.2% | 6.9% | 7.7% |
Source: Ministry of Health, Budget and Expenditure page (updated 22 June 2026)
National Health Goals (Vision 2030)
Vision 2030 sets national targets for 2030 and reports results each year; the Health Sector Transformation Program delivers the health goals. Values and targets are shown as the government publishes them.
| Series | Starting point | Latest | Target |
|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy at birth | 77.06 years | 79.7 years | 80 yearsLife expectancy at birth: target for 2030; the 2024 target was 78.4 |
| Health services coverage of population clusters | 84.13% | 97.5% | 99.5%Health services coverage of population clusters: target for 2030; the 2025 target was 97% |
| Quality of health care (a Vision 2030 index) | 48% | 70.4% | 82%Quality of health care (a Vision 2030 index): target for 2030; the 2025 target was 60% |
| Adults active at least 150 minutes a week | 49% | 59.1%Adults active at least 150 minutes a week: latest, 2025; men 66.5%, women 43.1% | 64% |
| Children aged 5–17 active 60 minutes a day | 6% | 19%Children aged 5–17 active 60 minutes a day: latest, 2025; boys 23%, girls 14% | 21% |
| Road traffic deaths | 28.41 | 12.13 | 10 per 100,000 |
| Health clusters run by Health Holding | 3of 20 health clusters run by Health Holding, the government company taking over Ministry hospitals and centres; initial transfers, July to December 2024; no later figure found in an official report; starting point and target not stated |
adults; ages: not stated; measured or self-reported: not stated; crude or age-standardised: not stated; children aged 5–17; measured or self-reported: not stated; crude or age-standardised: not stated · Source: Vision 2030 Annual Report 2025, executive summary; Vision 2030, executive summary of 2024 results; Health Sector Transformation Program, Health Sector Transformation Report 2024; Health Sector Transformation Program, delivery plan (file named 2021–2025), "HSTP aspirations for the future of the health sector", pp. 52–53
Health Research Goals & Spending
Health and wellness is one of the 4 national research, development and innovation priorities announced in 2022. The national target is research spending of 2.5% of GDP by 2040, adding SAR 60 billion to GDP; in 2024 spending was 0.63% of GDP. In 2024, business carried out 40.3% of the research and development work, government 40.2% and higher education 19.5%.
- 0.63% of GDP on research, 2024DataSaudi (Ministry of Economy and Planning), internationally reported indicators · 2024
- 2.5% national target for 2040RDIA, Researchers & Innovators Guidebook (October 2024), pages 5 and 9 · 2040
- SAR 29.48 bn research spending, all fields, 2024GASTAT, Research and Development Statistics 2024 (Figures 1 and 3); 2021–2023 from GASTAT's 2021 and 2023 bulletins · 2024
- 41,562 researchers, 2024GASTAT, Research and Development Statistics 2024 (Figures 1 and 3); 2021–2023 from GASTAT's 2021 and 2023 bulletins · 2024
SAR billion, all fields
| Series | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spending (SAR bn) | 14.5 | 19.25 | 22.61 | 29.48 |
| Researchers | 24,808 | 30,167 | 36,832 | 41,562 |
Source: GASTAT, Research and Development Statistics 2024 (Figures 1 and 3); 2021–2023 from GASTAT's 2021 and 2023 bulletins
Aims For The Health and Wellness Priority
Set out by the Research, Development and Innovation Authority (RDIA). Its executive summary gives the 2040 aim as life expectancy rather than healthy life expectancy.
- 5 more years of healthy life expectancy, by 2040
- Noncommunicable diseases 50% less common, by 2035
- New cases down 50% for infectious diseases of particular concern to Saudi Arabia, by 2035
- Genetic treatments developed for at least 2 of the Kingdom's 10 leading rare diseases, by 2035
- 40% of people having used a digital therapy made by scientists based in Saudi Arabia, by 2035
National Biotechnology Strategy, January 2024
- Aim: the main centre for biotechnology in the Middle East and North Africa by 2030, and among the world's leaders by 2040
- 11,000 jobs by 2030 and 55,000 by 2040
- More than US$34.6 billion, 3% of non-oil GDP, by 2040
- Help add 5 years to average life expectancy by 2040
- 4 areas of focus: vaccines, making biological products in the Kingdom, genomics, and improving plants
Saudi National Institute of Health
- The Council of Ministers approved it in August 2023. It supports and oversees research that turns findings into practice, including clinical trials, so that research yields health and economic benefits. In 2025 it published the 17 health research priority areas used on these pages.
Research Context
National research infrastructure reported by the Saudi Health Council. The app itself measures publications and registered studies.
| Series | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Records | 1,200,000 | 1,500,000 |
| Registered researchers | 960 | 1,162 |
| Portal visits | 150,000 | 221,000 |
| Variables | 170 | 150 |
Source: Saudi Health Council, Annual Report 2025
- 406,119 cancer cases recorded since the registry began in 1992Saudi Health Council, Annual Report 2025 · 1992 onwards; end year not stated
Where Sources Differ
International estimates and national sources sometimes differ for reasons of method; both are shown with the reason.
| Measure | Figure | What it is | Why the figures differ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 33.3 million | UN population used by WHO, 2023WHO Global Health Estimates, 2023 · 2023 | Different producers and reference years; WHO rates use the UN figure. |
| 35.3 million | GASTAT estimate, mid-2024GASTAT, Population Estimates Statistics 2024 · mid-2024 | Different producers and reference years; WHO rates use the UN figure. | |
| Under-5 mortality, 2023 | 6.2 | per 1,000 live births, UN Statistics estimate, as reported by the Ministry of HealthMinistry of Health, Saudi Global Health Report: SDGs & WHO 100 Core Indicators, version 1.0 (updated 30 August 2025) · 2023 | The Ministry of Health's Saudi Global Health Report shows both: a modelled international estimate and a crude rate from the Ministry's mortality registry. They use different methods; the precise reason for the gap has not been established. |
| 11.79 | per 1,000 live births, crude rate, Ministry of Health mortality registryMinistry of Health, Statistical Yearbook 2023, Table 1-6 · 2023 | The Ministry of Health's Saudi Global Health Report shows both: a modelled international estimate and a crude rate from the Ministry's mortality registry. They use different methods; the precise reason for the gap has not been established. | |
| Life expectancy at birth | 78.9 years76.6 to 81.3 | WHO, 2023WHO data portal, Saudi Arabia · 2023 | Different years: WHO's latest estimate is for 2023, the Vision 2030 figure for 2024. |
| 79.7 years | 2024, Vision 2030 Annual Report 2025, executive summaryVision 2030 Annual Report 2025, executive summary · 2024 | Different years: WHO's latest estimate is for 2023, the Vision 2030 figure for 2024. |
What Is Not Measured
- According to WHO, Saudi death-registration data do not meet its quality criteria for direct use in estimating deaths by cause. WHO therefore uses models and other evidence to produce those estimates. Every WHO death and burden figure here is a modelled estimate.
- Accreditation counts cover accredited facilities only; this page shows no total count of facilities or health workers.
- The Ministry of Finance's sector tables report health together with social development, so they give no health-only budget figure. The Ministry of Health's page also lists spending for 2021–2023, but without units, so it cannot be compared with the allocations; only allocations are shown.
- The GASTAT research tables reviewed do not report health research spending separately, and no official national figure for it was found.
- Reported growth in clinical trials is not shown: the underlying counts are not sourced and may come from the Saudi Food and Drug Authority.
Source: WHO, Methods and data sources for country-level causes of death 2000–2023 (September 2026, WHO/HSA/DDA/GHE/2026.2), p. 8 and Table 4.1
Sources Of These Facts
- GASTAT, Population Estimates Statistics 2024
- WHO data portal, Saudi Arabia
- WHO Global Health Estimates, 2023
- Ministry of Health, Saudi Global Health Report: SDGs & WHO 100 Core Indicators, version 1.0 (updated 30 August 2025)
- WHO Global Health Expenditure Database, via World Bank World Development Indicators (update of 8 October 2026)
- DataSaudi (Ministry of Economy and Planning), internationally reported indicators
- UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, via the WHO data portal (rows updated 30 September 2026)
- Saudi Health Council, Annual Report 2025
- Ministry of Finance: budget performance reports (Q4 2022, FY2023 year-end, Q4 2024, Q4 2025), budget statements 2015–2026; the sector's 30 government bodies from the FY2026 budget statement (Arabic edition), p. 54; the 2023 reason from the FY2023 year-end report, p. 20
- Vision 2030 Annual Report 2025, executive summary
- RDIA, Researchers & Innovators Guidebook (October 2024), pages 5 and 9
- RDIA, Health and Wellness RDI National Priority: Analytical Study (prepared with Clarivate)
- National Biotechnology Strategy, January 2024
- Ministry of Health news, 16 August 2023 (Saudi National Institute of Health established)
- GASTAT, Research and Development Statistics 2024 (Figures 1 and 3); 2021–2023 from GASTAT's 2021 and 2023 bulletins
- Ministry of Health, Statistical Yearbook 2023, Table 1-6
- Health Sector Transformation Program, Health Sector Transformation Report 2024
- Vision 2030, executive summary of 2024 results
- Health Sector Transformation Program, delivery plan (file named 2021–2025), "HSTP aspirations for the future of the health sector", pp. 52–53
- Ministry of Health, Budget and Expenditure page (updated 22 June 2026)
- UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group, via the WHO data portal
- WHO/UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage, via the WHO data portal
Records Behind This Figure
* Not final: counts for these years usually rise at later updates, as many studies are registered after they start and recent papers are still being added; citation measures change as citations build up. On this page: trials and publications 2025; observational studies 2024–2025; citation measures 2023–2024.