Methods, Coverage & Corrections
How every figure on the Map is counted, where it comes from, and what it does not measure.
Data Dates
- PubMed: snapshot of 4 October 2026.
- OpenAlex: data as of 29 October 2026.
- ClinicalTrials.gov: processed by ClinicalTrials.gov on 3 November 2026.
- WHO Global Health Estimates: loaded by WHO on 2 October 2026, read on 5 November 2026.
- World Bank population: series of 8 October 2026, read on 4 November 2026.
- OpenAlex benchmark counts: read on 4 November 2026.
- The SNIH area list: published June 2025.
- The HHC facility list: confirmed current on 27 October 2026.
- ClinicalTrials.gov, the trials' intervention types (a separate pull of two fields): read on 10 November 2026.
- ClinicalTrials.gov, each company's trials worldwide (a separate pull of five fields): read on 10 November 2026; processed by ClinicalTrials.gov on 9 November 2026.
Three Record Types
Publications, clinical trials and observational studies are three record types, shown apart and never added together. Publications have at least one Saudi-affiliated author and count in the year of their earliest publication date. Clinical trials and observational studies list at least one Saudi site in ClinicalTrials.gov and count in their recorded start year, actual or estimated; withdrawn studies and expanded-access records are not counted. A listed site does not prove that participants were recruited in Saudi Arabia. Papers linked to a registration through their own registration number are a lower bound, and the overlap is never subtracted from any count.
Journals that follow ICMJE policy require clinical trials to be registered before enrolment begins, in ClinicalTrials.gov or another accepted registry; observational studies have no such requirement, so registered observational studies are a small, selective part of observational research. These figures count studies recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov; they do not measure total research volume, study completion or financial investment.
Study Types & Industry Involvement In Papers
Each paper's study type and its industry involvement are classified by AI under published guides. Industry involvement is identified from the paper's own record and registration; it does not establish financial investment and is a lower bound. The industry code has four values: industry-involved, author ties only, no industry link and no statement; "no statement" is never merged with "no industry link".
Industry In Registrations
A study is industry-led when its lead sponsor is a health-product company, or a contract research organisation with one as collaborator, decided from one reviewed list of sponsor names. ClinicalTrials.gov's "industry" class is only a guide. Industry in papers and industry in registrations are different measures of different records and are never combined.
On Clinical Studies & Industry, each industry-led study is credited to one company, exactly as the industry-led counts decide it: its lead sponsor or, for a contract research organisation's study, its company collaborator listed in the registration, so the companies' studies add up to the industry-led totals. Company names are shown as registered, with no grouping into parent companies, and only studies listing a Saudi site are counted. The counts describe registered activity; they do not measure investment or quality.
Each company's trials worldwide come from a separate pull: the interventional trials each company leads under the same registered name, started 2021–2025, with withdrawn studies and expanded-access records left out, as in the Saudi count. Only exact matches of the registered name are kept, and trials a contract research organisation runs for a company are counted on neither side. The share listing a Saudi site is the company's trials listing a Saudi site over its trials worldwide, to one decimal place; it describes where trials are registered and does not measure investment, commitment or quality. No worldwide count is given for observational studies.
Clinical trials are shown by ClinicalTrials.gov's intervention type, read in a separate pull of two fields. A trial with several intervention types counts in each, so the types are never added together; “Other” is the registry's own type. Observational studies are not shown by type.
On each area profile, the companies and institutions are counted for that area only: each company's industry-led studies in the area add up to the area's industry-led counts, and each institution's publications, clinical trials and observational studies are counted exactly as on Institutions & Clusters, narrowed to the area. A study or a paper in several areas counts in each.
Principal Investigators In Trial Records
A clinical trial's record shows a principal investigator only when the registration lists that person as an overall official with the role of principal investigator and an affiliation that is Saudi: it matches the reviewed Saudi facility or institution lists, or it names Saudi Arabia or a Saudi city. The name is shown as registered and the affiliation by its reviewed name; an affiliation that names Saudi Arabia or a Saudi city but matches no reviewed list is shown as “Saudi institution not identified”.
Study chairs and directors, contacts, investigators with no Saudi affiliation and anyone on an observational record are never shown. No list, count, page, chart or search covers a person. The overall officials were read from ClinicalTrials.gov on 8 November 2026, in a separate pull of four fields: each study's number and each official's name, affiliation and role. A person who asks to be removed is removed through the comment form below.
Citation Measures
Mean field-weighted citation impact and the share in the world's most cited tenth come from OpenAlex, with fractional counting, by OpenAlex publication year: nothing for the newest year, which has no citation window, and the two years before it provisional. Each carries a stability interval, shown as its two ends, and a measure is hidden when fewer than 50 papers carry it.
Health Areas & Disease Burden
Papers and studies reach the seventeen areas named by SNIH through their subject headings, by the SNIH research dictionary; papers without MeSH terms can't be assigned. Burden comes from WHO Global Health Estimates through the WHO cause-to-area table, with each area rated a close match, partial or not directly comparable; the research-share-to-burden-share ratio is shown only for close-match areas that pass the cause table's test.
Institutions & Clusters
Institutions are named as OpenAlex records them and listed largest first, with a switch to A–Z, and no rank numbers. A parent institution's row also counts its units' records. Health clusters follow the Health Holding Company's facility list; industry-led trials are shown with an activity band. Institution and sector matching: not measured; examples reviewed.
The SNIH Area Dictionary
How papers and registered studies reach the seventeen areas: each area's subject headings, by their MeSH tree numbers. A paper belongs to an area when any of its subject headings is one of these or sits beneath it.
| Order in SNIH's list | Area | MeSH headings (tree numbers) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cardiovascular Diseases | Cardiovascular Diseases (C14) |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (C18); Endocrine System Diseases (C19) |
| 3 | Cancer | Neoplasms (C04) |
| 4 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | Genetic Diseases, Inborn (C16.320); Congenital Abnormalities (C16.131); Metabolism, Inborn Errors (C18.452.648) |
| 5 | Infectious Diseases | Infections (C01) |
| 6 | Population and Public Health | Not mapped |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | Nervous System Diseases (C10) |
| 8 | Kidney Diseases | Kidney Diseases, at all three tree locations (C12.050.351.968.419; C12.200.777.419; C12.950.419) |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | Respiratory Tract Diseases (C08) |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | Digestive System Diseases (C06) |
| 11 | Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health | Infant, Newborn, Diseases (C16.614); plus papers whose MeSH age groups include Infant (M01.060.703, incl. Infant, Newborn), Child (M01.060.406, incl. Child, Preschool) or Adolescent (M01.060.057), whether or not adult age groups are also present |
| 12 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases | Stomatognathic Diseases (C07) |
| 13 | Women's Health | Genital Diseases, Female (C12.050.351.500; C12.100.250); Pregnancy Complications (C12.050.703); Breast Diseases (C17.800.090, includes Breast Neoplasms), except Breast Neoplasms, Male and Gynecomastia (v1.2) |
| 14 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune | Musculoskeletal Diseases (C05); Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases (C17) except Breast Diseases (C17.800.090); Autoimmune Diseases (C20.111); Pain (C23.888.592.612; includes the Angina Pectoris headings and Dysmenorrhea, kept because overlap is allowed) |
| 15 | Mental Disorders | Mental Disorders (F03); Suicide (F01.145.126.980.875, also I01.880.735.856; including Suicide, Attempted and Suicidal Ideation); Self-Injurious Behavior (F01.145.126.980); 'Suicide, Assisted' alone does not qualify a paper (v1.1 scope choice) |
| 16 | Eye Diseases | Eye Diseases (C11) |
| 17 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases (C09); Communication Disorders (C10.597.606.150; F03.625.374; C23.888.592.604.150) |
The WHO Cause-To-Area Table
How disease burden from WHO Global Health Estimates reaches the seventeen areas: each area's WHO causes, its sex and age limits and its rating; then every cause row, and every WHO cause with the areas it reaches.
Areas
| Order in SNIH's list | Area | Comparability | WHO causes included (GHE code: cause) | Number of cause rows | Sex and age limits | What it covers and known differences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cardiovascular Diseases | Close match | 1100: Cardiovascular diseases; 1440: Congenital heart anomalies (shared) | 2 | Both, All ages | All of WHO's cardiovascular group, including stroke. Known difference: vascular neoplasms sit in C14 but their burden is inside WHO 780 Other malignant neoplasms and 790 Other neoplasms; subject to the 10% test. 10% test rows: 780, 790. |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Partial | 800: Diabetes mellitus; 814: Other endocrine, blood and immune disorders; 540: Nutritional deficiencies; 1272: Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes (shared); 754: Thyroid cancer (shared); 670: Pancreas cancer (shared); 730: Ovary cancer (shared); 742: Testicular cancer (shared); 1370: Gout (shared) | 9 | Both, All ages | Diabetes, nutritional deficiencies, other endocrine disorders, gout and endocrine-organ cancers. WHO 814 also includes blood and immune conditions outside C18 and C19 (extra scope). Obesity has no separately usable WHO burden total. |
| 3 | Cancer | Close match | 610: Malignant neoplasms; 790: Other neoplasms | 2 | Both, All ages | All malignant and other neoplasms. Known difference: precancerous oral lesions (leukoplakia) sit in C04 but their burden is inside WHO 1502 Other oral disorders; subject to the 10% test. 10% test row: 1502. |
| 4 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | Partial | 811: Thalassaemias; 812: Sickle cell disorders and trait; 813: Other haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias; 1400: Congenital anomalies; 1370: Gout (shared) | 5 | Both, All ages | Haemoglobinopathies, all congenital anomalies and gout (MeSH convention). WHO 813 also includes acquired haemolytic anaemias (extra scope). Most other rare and inherited diseases have no separate WHO cause. |
| 5 | Infectious Diseases | Close match | 20: Infectious and parasitic diseases; 390: Lower respiratory infections; 395: COVID-19; 400: Upper respiratory infections; 520: Neonatal sepsis and infections (shared); 1110: Rheumatic heart disease (shared) | 6 | Both, All ages | Infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections (including COVID-19), neonatal infections and rheumatic heart disease. Known differences: WHO 410 Otitis media combines conditions whose MeSH coverage differs, and the infectious subset cannot be isolated from it; infectious parts of 1330 Skin diseases and 1150 Cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, endocarditis are also unresolved partial matches. 10% test rows: 410, 1330, 1150. |
| 6 | Population and Public Health | Not directly comparable | — | 0 | — | Not mapped in the research dictionary either. The page shows 'burden not directly comparable'. |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | Partial | 940: Neurological conditions; 1140: Stroke (shared); 170: Meningitis (shared); 180: Encephalitis (shared); 751: Brain and nervous system cancers (shared); 1410: Neural tube defects (shared); 920: Idiopathic intellectual disability (shared); 1430: Down syndrome (shared); 1080: Other hearing loss (shared) | 9 | Both, All ages | All of WHO's neurological group, plus the topics MeSH also files under Nervous System Diseases (C10). Partial because C10 includes brain and spinal cord injury research, while WHO records injury burden by external cause; road-injury and fall burden is not allocated to this area. |
| 8 | Kidney Diseases | Close match | 1270: Kidney diseases; 1290: Urolithiasis; 745: Kidney, renal pelvis and ureter cancer (shared) | 3 | Both, All ages | Kidney diseases (including chronic kidney disease due to diabetes), urinary stones and kidney cancer. 10% test rows: 1290 and 745 (broader proxies). |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | Close match | 1170: Respiratory diseases; 390: Lower respiratory infections (shared); 395: COVID-19 (shared); 400: Upper respiratory infections (shared); 680: Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers (shared); 753: Larynx cancer (shared); 30: Tuberculosis (shared); 130: Whooping cough (shared) | 8 | Both, All ages | Respiratory tract diseases (C08 covers the upper respiratory tract as well as the lungs): chronic respiratory diseases, respiratory infections, whooping cough, lung and larynx cancers, and tuberculosis. Known difference: cystic fibrosis sits in C08 (and C06), but its burden is inside WHO 814. 10% test rows: 30 (broader proxy) and 814 (omitted scope). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | Close match | 1210: Digestive diseases; 110: Diarrhoeal diseases (shared); 185: Hepatitis (shared); 630: Oesophagus cancer (shared); 640: Stomach cancer (shared); 650: Colon and rectum cancers (shared); 660: Liver cancer (shared); 670: Pancreas cancer (shared); 752: Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (shared) | 9 | Both, All ages | Digestive diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, acute hepatitis and digestive cancers. Known difference: cystic fibrosis sits in C06 (and C08), but its burden is inside WHO 814; subject to the 10% test. 10% test row: 814. |
| 11 | Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health | Partial (by age) | 0: All causes | 1 | Both, Ages 0–19 | Burden by age: every DALY at ages 0–19 (WHO age groups; MeSH's Adolescent group ends at 18). Partial because the research side (dictionary v1.2) includes papers on children together with adults, and newborn-disease headings (C16.614) that don't establish participants' ages; a label distinguishes 'children only' papers from 'children and adults'. |
| 12 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases | Partial | 1470: Oral conditions; 1420: Cleft lip and cleft palate (shared); 620: Mouth and oropharynx cancers (shared) | 3 | Both, All ages | Oral conditions, cleft lip and palate, and mouth and pharynx cancers. Partial because C07 also includes pharyngitis and tonsillitis, whose burden sits inside WHO 400 with conditions outside C07 (unresolved partial match). |
| 13 | Women's Health | Close match | 420: Maternal conditions; 1320: Gynecological diseases; 700: Breast cancer (shared); 710: Cervix uteri cancer (shared); 720: Corpus uteri cancer (shared); 730: Ovary cancer (shared); 1310: Infertility | 7 | Female, All ages | Pregnancy complications, female genital diseases (including female cancers and infertility) and breast cancer, women only. It does not cover all illness in women. Dictionary v1.2 leaves male breast neoplasms and gynaecomastia out of this area, so research and burden both cover women only. |
| 14 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune | Partial | 1340: Musculoskeletal diseases; 1330: Skin diseases; 690: Melanoma and other skin cancers (shared); 980: Multiple sclerosis (shared) | 4 | Both, All ages | Musculoskeletal and skin diseases, skin cancers and multiple sclerosis. Omitted overlaps: other autoimmune conditions and most pain conditions have no separate WHO cause; C17 also includes cutaneous leishmaniasis and onchocerciasis (WHO 260 and 280, not added because their WHO totals include non-skin disease). |
| 15 | Mental Disorders | Close match | 820: Mental and substance use disorders; 1610: Self-harm (shared); 950: Alzheimer disease and other dementias (shared) | 3 | Both, All ages | Mental and substance use disorders, self-harm and dementia. Known difference: F03 includes sleep–wake disorders, whose burden sits inside WHO 1010 Other neurological conditions (unresolved). 10% test row: 1010. |
| 16 | Eye Diseases | Close match | 1030: Glaucoma; 1040: Cataracts; 1050: Uncorrected refractive errors; 1060: Macular degeneration; 1070: Other vision loss; 310: Trachoma (shared) | 6 | Both, All ages | Glaucoma, cataracts, refractive errors, macular degeneration, other vision loss and trachoma. Known difference: WHO 1090 Other sense organ disorders mixes eye and ear conditions and stays unallocated. 10% test row: 1090. |
| 17 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | Partial | 1080: Other hearing loss; 410: Otitis media (shared); 400: Upper respiratory infections (shared); 753: Larynx cancer (shared); 622: Nasopharynx (shared); 623: Other pharynx (shared) | 6 | Both, All ages | Hearing loss and ear, nose and throat conditions with a WHO cause. No separately extractable WHO total matches the dictionary's speech and language scope. Unresolved components inside 1090, 1200 and 930. |
Area–Cause Rows
| Order in SNIH's list | Area | GHE code | WHO cause | Level in WHO list | Role | Sex | Age | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cardiovascular Diseases | 1100 | Cardiovascular diseases | 2 | main | Both | All ages | Cardiovascular Diseases (C14), including stroke. |
| 1 | Cardiovascular Diseases | 1440 | Congenital heart anomalies | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Congenital heart anomalies: MeSH files them under C14 and under Congenital Abnormalities (area 4). |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 800 | Diabetes mellitus | 2 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 814 | Other endocrine, blood and immune disorders | 3 | main | Both | All ages | WHO groups other endocrine disorders with blood and immune disorders, so this slightly overstates endocrine burden. |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 540 | Nutritional deficiencies | 2 | main | Both | All ages | Nutritional deficiencies: MeSH files them under Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases (C18). |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 1272 | Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes | 4 | shared | Both | All ages | Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes (diabetic nephropathy: C19 and Kidney Diseases). |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 754 | Thyroid cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Thyroid cancer (C19 and C04). |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 670 | Pancreas cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Pancreas cancer (C19, C06 and C04). |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 730 | Ovary cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Ovary cancer (ovarian diseases sit under C19 as well as C12 and C04). |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 742 | Testicular cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Testicular cancer (C19 and C04). |
| 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | 1370 | Gout | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Gout: MeSH also files it under C18 (purine metabolism disorders). |
| 3 | Cancer | 610 | Malignant neoplasms | 2 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 3 | Cancer | 790 | Other neoplasms | 2 | main | Both | All ages | Other neoplasms (benign, in situ, uncertain behaviour): included because Neoplasms (C04) covers them. |
| 4 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | 811 | Thalassaemias | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 4 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | 812 | Sickle cell disorders and trait | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 4 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | 813 | Other haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias | 3 | main | Both | All ages | Includes acquired haemolytic anaemias as well as inherited ones. |
| 4 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | 1400 | Congenital anomalies | 2 | main | Both | All ages | All congenital anomalies: the dictionary includes Congenital Abnormalities (C16.131). |
| 4 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | 1370 | Gout | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Gout: MeSH also files it under inborn errors of metabolism (C16). This follows the MeSH convention; it does not mean gout is rare. |
| 5 | Infectious Diseases | 20 | Infectious and parasitic diseases | 2 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 5 | Infectious Diseases | 390 | Lower respiratory infections | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 5 | Infectious Diseases | 395 | COVID-19 | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 5 | Infectious Diseases | 400 | Upper respiratory infections | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 5 | Infectious Diseases | 520 | Neonatal sepsis and infections | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Neonatal sepsis and infections: also counts for area 11 through its age rule. |
| 5 | Infectious Diseases | 1110 | Rheumatic heart disease | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Rheumatic heart disease is indexed under C01 and C14. |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 940 | Neurological conditions | 2 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 1140 | Stroke | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Stroke: MeSH files cerebrovascular disorders under C10 and C14. |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 170 | Meningitis | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Meningitis (C10 and C01). |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 180 | Encephalitis | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Encephalitis (C10 and C01). |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 751 | Brain and nervous system cancers | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Brain and nervous system cancers (C10 and C04). |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 1410 | Neural tube defects | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Neural tube defects (C10 and C16.131). |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 920 | Idiopathic intellectual disability | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Idiopathic intellectual disability (C10 and F03). |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 1430 | Down syndrome | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Down syndrome (C10 and C16). |
| 7 | Neurological Diseases | 1080 | Other hearing loss | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Other hearing loss (C10 and C09). |
| 8 | Kidney Diseases | 1270 | Kidney diseases | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 8 | Kidney Diseases | 1290 | Urolithiasis | 3 | main | Both | All ages | Urolithiasis: broader proxy. WHO 1290 includes stones beyond the kidney; the research definition covers kidney stones. |
| 8 | Kidney Diseases | 745 | Kidney, renal pelvis and ureter cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Kidney, renal pelvis and ureter cancer: broader proxy. Ureteral neoplasms are outside the Kidney Diseases branch. |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | 1170 | Respiratory diseases | 2 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | 390 | Lower respiratory infections | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Lower respiratory infections (C08 and C01). |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | 395 | COVID-19 | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | COVID-19 (C08 and C01). |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | 400 | Upper respiratory infections | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Upper respiratory infections (C08 and C01). |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | 680 | Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers (C08 and C04). |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | 753 | Larynx cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Larynx cancer (C08, C09 and C04). |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | 30 | Tuberculosis | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Tuberculosis: broader proxy. WHO 30 includes extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which MeSH files outside C08. |
| 9 | Lung Diseases | 130 | Whooping cough | 4 | shared | Both | All ages | Whooping cough (C08 and C01). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 1210 | Digestive diseases | 2 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 110 | Diarrhoeal diseases | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Diarrhoeal diseases (gastroenteritis: C06 and C01). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 185 | Hepatitis | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Acute viral hepatitis (C06 and C01). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 630 | Oesophagus cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Oesophagus cancer (C06 and C04). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 640 | Stomach cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Stomach cancer (C06 and C04). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 650 | Colon and rectum cancers | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Colon and rectum cancers (C06 and C04). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 660 | Liver cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Liver cancer (C06 and C04). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 670 | Pancreas cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Pancreas cancer (C06 and C04). |
| 10 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | 752 | Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (C06 and C04). |
| 11 | Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health | 0 | All causes | 0 | main | Both | Ages 0–19 | All causes in children and adolescents. |
| 12 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases | 1470 | Oral conditions | 2 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 12 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases | 1420 | Cleft lip and cleft palate | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Cleft lip and cleft palate (C07 and C16.131). |
| 12 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases | 620 | Mouth and oropharynx cancers | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Mouth and oropharynx cancers (C07 and C04). |
| 13 | Women's Health | 420 | Maternal conditions | 2 | main | Female | All ages | |
| 13 | Women's Health | 1320 | Gynecological diseases | 3 | main | Female | All ages | |
| 13 | Women's Health | 700 | Breast cancer | 3 | shared | Female | All ages | Breast cancer, women only; dictionary v1.2 excludes male breast disease from this area. |
| 13 | Women's Health | 710 | Cervix uteri cancer | 3 | shared | Female | All ages | Cervix uteri cancer. |
| 13 | Women's Health | 720 | Corpus uteri cancer | 3 | shared | Female | All ages | Corpus uteri cancer. |
| 13 | Women's Health | 730 | Ovary cancer | 3 | shared | Female | All ages | Ovary cancer. |
| 13 | Women's Health | 1310 | Infertility | 3 | main | Female | All ages | Infertility, women only: MeSH files female infertility under female genital diseases. |
| 14 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune | 1340 | Musculoskeletal diseases | 2 | main | Both | All ages | Includes back and neck pain. |
| 14 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune | 1330 | Skin diseases | 2 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 14 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune | 690 | Melanoma and other skin cancers | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Melanoma and other skin cancers (C17 and C04). |
| 14 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune | 980 | Multiple sclerosis | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Multiple sclerosis (Autoimmune Diseases and C10). |
| 15 | Mental Disorders | 820 | Mental and substance use disorders | 2 | main | Both | All ages | Includes alcohol and drug use disorders. |
| 15 | Mental Disorders | 1610 | Self-harm | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Self-harm (suicide and self-harm, added in v1.0). |
| 15 | Mental Disorders | 950 | Alzheimer disease and other dementias | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Alzheimer disease and other dementias (F03 and C10). |
| 16 | Eye Diseases | 1030 | Glaucoma | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 16 | Eye Diseases | 1040 | Cataracts | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 16 | Eye Diseases | 1050 | Uncorrected refractive errors | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 16 | Eye Diseases | 1060 | Macular degeneration | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 16 | Eye Diseases | 1070 | Other vision loss | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 16 | Eye Diseases | 310 | Trachoma | 4 | shared | Both | All ages | Trachoma (C11 and C01). |
| 17 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | 1080 | Other hearing loss | 3 | main | Both | All ages | |
| 17 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | 410 | Otitis media | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Otitis media (C09). |
| 17 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | 400 | Upper respiratory infections | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Upper respiratory infections: broader proxy. Only some upper respiratory conditions fall under C09. |
| 17 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | 753 | Larynx cancer | 3 | shared | Both | All ages | Larynx cancer (C09, C08 and C04). |
| 17 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | 622 | Nasopharynx | 4 | shared | Both | All ages | Nasopharynx cancer (C09 and C04). |
| 17 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | 623 | Other pharynx | 4 | shared | Both | All ages | Other pharynx cancer (C09 and C04). |
All Causes
| GHE code | WHO cause | Parent GHE code | Level in WHO list | SNIH areas (directly, or through a parent cause) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | All causes | — | 0 | — | All-cause total: the denominator of every burden share. Also the cause row for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (ages 0–19). |
| 10 | Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions | 0 | 1 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 20 | Infectious and parasitic diseases | 10 | 2 | Infectious Diseases | |
| 30 | Tuberculosis | 20 | 3 | Lung Diseases; Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 40 | STDs excluding HIV | 20 | 3 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 50 | Syphilis | 40 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 60 | Chlamydia | 40 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 70 | Gonorrhoea | 40 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 80 | Trichomoniasis | 40 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 85 | Genital herpes | 40 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 90 | Other STDs | 40 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 100 | HIV/AIDS | 20 | 3 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 101 | HIV resulting in TB | 100 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 102 | HIV resulting in other diseases | 100 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 110 | Diarrhoeal diseases | 20 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders; Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 120 | Childhood-cluster diseases | 20 | 3 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 130 | Whooping cough | 120 | 4 | Lung Diseases; Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 140 | Diphtheria | 120 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 150 | Measles | 120 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 160 | Tetanus | 120 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 170 | Meningitis | 20 | 3 | Neurological Diseases; Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 180 | Encephalitis | 20 | 3 | Neurological Diseases; Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 185 | Hepatitis | 20 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders; Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 186 | Acute hepatitis A | 185 | 4 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 185); Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 190 | Acute hepatitis B | 185 | 4 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 185); Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 200 | Acute hepatitis C | 185 | 4 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 185); Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 205 | Acute hepatitis E | 185 | 4 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 185); Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 210 | Parasitic and vector diseases | 20 | 3 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 220 | Malaria | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 230 | Trypanosomiasis | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 240 | Chagas disease | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 250 | Schistosomiasis | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 260 | Leishmaniasis | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 270 | Lymphatic filariasis | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 280 | Onchocerciasis | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 285 | Cysticercosis | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 295 | Echinococcosis | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 300 | Dengue | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 310 | Trachoma | 210 | 4 | Eye Diseases; Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 315 | Yellow fever | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 320 | Rabies | 210 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 330 | Intestinal nematode infections | 20 | 3 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 340 | Ascariasis | 330 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 350 | Trichuriasis | 330 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 360 | Hookworm disease | 330 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 362 | Food-borne trematodes | 330 | 4 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 365 | Leprosy | 20 | 3 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 370 | Other infectious diseases | 20 | 3 | Infectious Diseases (through 20) | |
| 380 | Respiratory infections | 10 | 2 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 390 | Lower respiratory infections | 380 | 3 | Infectious Diseases; Lung Diseases | |
| 395 | COVID-19 | 380 | 3 | Infectious Diseases; Lung Diseases | |
| 400 | Upper respiratory infections | 380 | 3 | Infectious Diseases; Lung Diseases; Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | |
| 410 | Otitis media | 380 | 3 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | |
| 420 | Maternal conditions | 10 | 2 | Women's Health | |
| 490 | Neonatal conditions | 10 | 2 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 500 | Preterm birth complications | 490 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 510 | Birth asphyxia and birth trauma | 490 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 520 | Neonatal sepsis and infections | 490 | 3 | Infectious Diseases | |
| 530 | Other neonatal conditions | 490 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 540 | Nutritional deficiencies | 10 | 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | |
| 550 | Protein-energy malnutrition | 540 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (through 540) | |
| 560 | Iodine deficiency | 540 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (through 540) | |
| 570 | Vitamin A deficiency | 540 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (through 540) | |
| 580 | Iron-deficiency anaemia | 540 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (through 540) | |
| 590 | Other nutritional deficiencies | 540 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (through 540) | |
| 600 | Noncommunicable diseases | 0 | 1 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 610 | Malignant neoplasms | 600 | 2 | Cancer | |
| 620 | Mouth and oropharynx cancers | 610 | 3 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 621 | Lip and oral cavity | 620 | 4 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases (through 620); Cancer (through 610) | |
| 622 | Nasopharynx | 620 | 4 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; Dental and Craniofacial Diseases (through 620); Cancer (through 610) | |
| 623 | Other pharynx | 620 | 4 | Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; Dental and Craniofacial Diseases (through 620); Cancer (through 610) | |
| 630 | Oesophagus cancer | 610 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 640 | Stomach cancer | 610 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 650 | Colon and rectum cancers | 610 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 660 | Liver cancer | 610 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 670 | Pancreas cancer | 610 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders; Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 680 | Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers | 610 | 3 | Lung Diseases; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 690 | Melanoma and other skin cancers | 610 | 3 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 691 | Malignant skin melanoma | 690 | 4 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune (through 690); Cancer (through 610) | |
| 692 | Non-melanoma skin cancer | 690 | 4 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune (through 690); Cancer (through 610) | |
| 700 | Breast cancer | 610 | 3 | Women's Health; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 710 | Cervix uteri cancer | 610 | 3 | Women's Health; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 720 | Corpus uteri cancer | 610 | 3 | Women's Health; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 730 | Ovary cancer | 610 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders; Women's Health; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 740 | Prostate cancer | 610 | 3 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 742 | Testicular cancer | 610 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 745 | Kidney, renal pelvis and ureter cancer | 610 | 3 | Kidney Diseases; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 750 | Bladder cancer | 610 | 3 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 751 | Brain and nervous system cancers | 610 | 3 | Neurological Diseases; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 752 | Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer | 610 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 753 | Larynx cancer | 610 | 3 | Lung Diseases; Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 754 | Thyroid cancer | 610 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders; Cancer (through 610) | |
| 755 | Mesothelioma | 610 | 3 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 760 | Lymphomas, multiple myeloma | 610 | 3 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 761 | Hodgkin lymphoma | 760 | 4 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 762 | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 760 | 4 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 763 | Multiple myeloma | 760 | 4 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 770 | Leukaemia | 610 | 3 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 780 | Other malignant neoplasms | 610 | 3 | Cancer (through 610) | |
| 790 | Other neoplasms | 600 | 2 | Cancer | |
| 800 | Diabetes mellitus | 600 | 2 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | |
| 810 | Endocrine, blood, immune disorders | 600 | 2 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 811 | Thalassaemias | 810 | 3 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | |
| 812 | Sickle cell disorders and trait | 810 | 3 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | |
| 813 | Other haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias | 810 | 3 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | |
| 814 | Other endocrine, blood and immune disorders | 810 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | |
| 820 | Mental and substance use disorders | 600 | 2 | Mental Disorders | |
| 830 | Depressive disorders | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 831 | Major depressive disorder | 830 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 832 | Dysthymia | 830 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 840 | Bipolar disorder | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 850 | Schizophrenia | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 860 | Alcohol use disorders | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 870 | Drug use disorders | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 871 | Opioid use disorders | 870 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 872 | Cocaine use disorders | 870 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 873 | Amphetamine use disorders | 870 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 874 | Cannabis use disorders | 870 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 875 | Other drug use disorders | 870 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 880 | Anxiety disorders | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 890 | Eating disorders | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 900 | Autism and Asperger syndrome | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 910 | Childhood behavioural disorders | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 911 | Attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome | 910 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 912 | Conduct disorder | 910 | 4 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 920 | Idiopathic intellectual disability | 820 | 3 | Neurological Diseases; Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 930 | Other mental and behavioural disorders | 820 | 3 | Mental Disorders (through 820) | |
| 940 | Neurological conditions | 600 | 2 | Neurological Diseases | |
| 950 | Alzheimer disease and other dementias | 940 | 3 | Mental Disorders; Neurological Diseases (through 940) | |
| 960 | Parkinson disease | 940 | 3 | Neurological Diseases (through 940) | |
| 970 | Epilepsy | 940 | 3 | Neurological Diseases (through 940) | |
| 980 | Multiple sclerosis | 940 | 3 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune; Neurological Diseases (through 940) | |
| 990 | Migraine | 940 | 3 | Neurological Diseases (through 940) | |
| 1000 | Non-migraine headache | 940 | 3 | Neurological Diseases (through 940) | |
| 1010 | Other neurological conditions | 940 | 3 | Neurological Diseases (through 940) | |
| 1020 | Sense organ diseases | 600 | 2 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 1030 | Glaucoma | 1020 | 3 | Eye Diseases | |
| 1040 | Cataracts | 1020 | 3 | Eye Diseases | |
| 1050 | Uncorrected refractive errors | 1020 | 3 | Eye Diseases | |
| 1060 | Macular degeneration | 1020 | 3 | Eye Diseases | |
| 1070 | Other vision loss | 1020 | 3 | Eye Diseases | |
| 1080 | Other hearing loss | 1020 | 3 | Neurological Diseases; Deafness and Other Communication Disorders | |
| 1090 | Other sense organ disorders | 1020 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1100 | Cardiovascular diseases | 600 | 2 | Cardiovascular Diseases | |
| 1110 | Rheumatic heart disease | 1100 | 3 | Infectious Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases (through 1100) | |
| 1120 | Hypertensive heart disease | 1100 | 3 | Cardiovascular Diseases (through 1100) | |
| 1130 | Ischaemic heart disease | 1100 | 3 | Cardiovascular Diseases (through 1100) | |
| 1140 | Stroke | 1100 | 3 | Neurological Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases (through 1100) | |
| 1150 | Cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, endocarditis | 1100 | 3 | Cardiovascular Diseases (through 1100) | |
| 1160 | Other circulatory diseases | 1100 | 3 | Cardiovascular Diseases (through 1100) | |
| 1170 | Respiratory diseases | 600 | 2 | Lung Diseases | |
| 1180 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1170 | 3 | Lung Diseases (through 1170) | |
| 1190 | Asthma | 1170 | 3 | Lung Diseases (through 1170) | |
| 1200 | Other respiratory diseases | 1170 | 3 | Lung Diseases (through 1170) | |
| 1210 | Digestive diseases | 600 | 2 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders | |
| 1220 | Peptic ulcer disease | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1230 | Cirrhosis of the liver | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1240 | Appendicitis | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1241 | Gastritis and duodenitis | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1242 | Paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1244 | Inflammatory bowel disease | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1246 | Gallbladder and biliary diseases | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1248 | Pancreatitis | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1250 | Other digestive diseases | 1210 | 3 | Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders (through 1210) | |
| 1260 | Genitourinary diseases | 600 | 2 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 1270 | Kidney diseases | 1260 | 3 | Kidney Diseases | |
| 1271 | Acute glomerulonephritis | 1270 | 4 | Kidney Diseases (through 1270) | |
| 1272 | Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes | 1270 | 4 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders; Kidney Diseases (through 1270) | |
| 1273 | Other chronic kidney disease | 1270 | 4 | Kidney Diseases (through 1270) | |
| 1280 | Benign prostatic hyperplasia | 1260 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1290 | Urolithiasis | 1260 | 3 | Kidney Diseases | |
| 1300 | Other urinary diseases | 1260 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1310 | Infertility | 1260 | 3 | Women's Health | |
| 1320 | Gynecological diseases | 1260 | 3 | Women's Health | |
| 1330 | Skin diseases | 600 | 2 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune | |
| 1340 | Musculoskeletal diseases | 600 | 2 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune | |
| 1350 | Rheumatoid arthritis | 1340 | 3 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune (through 1340) | |
| 1360 | Osteoarthritis | 1340 | 3 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune (through 1340) | |
| 1370 | Gout | 1340 | 3 | Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders; Rare and Inherited Diseases; Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune (through 1340) | |
| 1380 | Back and neck pain | 1340 | 3 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune (through 1340) | |
| 1390 | Other musculoskeletal disorders | 1340 | 3 | Musculoskeletal, Skin, Pain, and Autoimmune (through 1340) | |
| 1400 | Congenital anomalies | 600 | 2 | Rare and Inherited Diseases | |
| 1410 | Neural tube defects | 1400 | 3 | Neurological Diseases; Rare and Inherited Diseases (through 1400) | |
| 1420 | Cleft lip and cleft palate | 1400 | 3 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases; Rare and Inherited Diseases (through 1400) | |
| 1430 | Down syndrome | 1400 | 3 | Neurological Diseases; Rare and Inherited Diseases (through 1400) | |
| 1440 | Congenital heart anomalies | 1400 | 3 | Cardiovascular Diseases; Rare and Inherited Diseases (through 1400) | |
| 1450 | Other chromosomal anomalies | 1400 | 3 | Rare and Inherited Diseases (through 1400) | |
| 1460 | Other congenital anomalies | 1400 | 3 | Rare and Inherited Diseases (through 1400) | |
| 1470 | Oral conditions | 600 | 2 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases | |
| 1480 | Dental caries | 1470 | 3 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases (through 1470) | |
| 1490 | Periodontal disease | 1470 | 3 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases (through 1470) | |
| 1500 | Edentulism | 1470 | 3 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases (through 1470) | |
| 1502 | Other oral disorders | 1470 | 3 | Dental and Craniofacial Diseases (through 1470) | |
| 1505 | Sudden infant death syndrome | 600 | 2 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1510 | Injuries | 0 | 1 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 1520 | Unintentional injuries | 1510 | 2 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 1530 | Road injury | 1520 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1540 | Poisonings | 1520 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1550 | Falls | 1520 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1560 | Fire, heat and hot substances | 1520 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1570 | Drowning | 1520 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1575 | Exposure to mechanical forces | 1520 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1580 | Natural disasters | 1520 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1590 | Other unintentional injuries | 1520 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1600 | Intentional injuries | 1510 | 2 | None | Group heading; see its sub-causes. |
| 1610 | Self-harm | 1600 | 3 | Mental Disorders | |
| 1620 | Interpersonal violence | 1600 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
| 1630 | Collective violence and legal intervention | 1600 | 3 | None | Not in any cause-based area. Counted for Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health at ages 0–19 only. |
Sources & Their Terms
Each source the Map uses, what it takes from it, and the source's terms in the Map's own words, with a link to the terms themselves. Where a source asks for a credit line, it is quoted as given.
PubMed and MeSH, U.S. National Library of Medicine
Used for: the publication records, their titles and their MeSH terms.
- The Map acknowledges the U.S. National Library of Medicine as the source with the credit line below, here and in the research-sources line at the foot of every page.
- Showing these records does not mean that the National Library of Medicine endorses the Map.
- The Map uses the dated PubMed snapshot given under Data Dates, so it does not reflect the most current data available from the National Library of Medicine.
Credit line: Courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine
Terms: NLM Terms and Conditions
ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine
Used for: the clinical trials and observational studies that list a Saudi site.
- The trial and study records are attributed to ClinicalTrials.gov, and the date ClinicalTrials.gov processed them is given under Data Dates.
- The Map selects, filters and classifies the records; the sections above describe each change.
- ClinicalTrials.gov is a U.S. Government database, and the Map presents it as one. The Map claims no rights in its records.
- Some records may contain material whose copyright belongs to others.
Terms: ClinicalTrials.gov Terms and Conditions (last updated 31 January 2023)
WHO Global Health Estimates, World Health Organization
Used for: the disease burden of each health area.
- WHO licenses its materials for non-commercial use with WHO acknowledged as the source; adaptations are shared under the same or a similar licence.
- The burden figures the Map calculates from WHO's estimates are shared under WHO's licence, not the Map's own.
- Using WHO's estimates does not mean that WHO endorses the Map.
Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Terms: WHO copyright and licensing
World Bank, World Development Indicators (SP.POP.TOTL, total population)
Used for: the population behind each rate per million.
- The World Bank's own datasets are licensed by default under this licence.
- The Map credits the World Bank as the source and uses the population figures unchanged, as the denominators of rates per million.
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Saudi National Institute of Health (SNIH)
Used for: the list of national health research priority areas (published June 2025).
- The area names are shown as SNIH published them, with SNIH named as the source, to describe the Map's areas only.
Health Holding Company
Used for: the list of health clusters and their facilities (confirmed current on 27 October 2026).
- Cluster and facility names are shown as the Health Holding Company published them, with the company named as the source, to describe the clusters only.
OpenAlex (OurResearch)
Used for: the citation measures, the institution names and each country's publication count.
- The whole OpenAlex dataset is free to reuse under this licence.
- OpenAlex asks those who use it in research to cite the paper below.
Licence: CC0
Credit line: OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts. arXiv, 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.01833
Terms: OpenAlex documentation
IBM Plex Sans
Used for: the site's typeface.
- The font files are served with their licence beside them, as the licence requires, and carry IBM's copyright notice below.
Licence: SIL Open Font License 1.1
Credit line: Copyright © 2017 IBM Corp. with Reserved Font Name "Plex"
Terms: IBM Plex licence
The National Health Facts
Used for: the national health facts sections on the Overview and the area profiles.
- Each fact names its own source beside it.
Corrections
Comments and corrections are welcome through the comment form: Comment or correct (Google form, opens in a new tab).
- Every message is read.
- Corrections come with the quarterly update, or sooner when an error breaks one of the Map's published rules.
- Each correction is listed on the Updates page with its date and the figures it changed.
- The Map follows its sources: an error in a PubMed or ClinicalTrials.gov record should also be reported to PubMed or ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Study types and industry codes come from one recorded classification and are never changed one paper at a time; a report that one is wrong is logged for the next classification check.