Clinical Studies & Industry

Registrations are counted by their lead sponsor; publications by the industry-involvement code, which reads a paper's declared interests, grants, author affiliations and linked registration. They are different measures of different records, so they are stated side by side and not compared.

Industry in registrations means a lead sponsor that is a company making or selling health products (drugs, vaccines, biotechnology, devices, diagnostics, health software or medical nutrition), as the industry guide defines it in its section two, or a contract research organisation with such a company listed as collaborator. Hospital groups and other providers that ClinicalTrials.gov labels “industry” are not counted. Withdrawn studies are not counted.

Journals that follow ICMJE policy require clinical trials to be registered before enrolment begins, in ClinicalTrials.gov or another accepted registry; observational studies have no such requirement, so registered observational studies are a small, selective part of observational research. These figures count studies recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov; they do not measure total research volume, study completion or financial investment.

Interventional studies, those that test a treatment, listing at least one Saudi site. The industry-led trials are a subset of the total, so the two must not be added together.

Industry in registrations means a lead sponsor that is a company making or selling health products (drugs, vaccines, biotechnology, devices, diagnostics, health software or medical nutrition), as the industry guide defines it in its section two, or a contract research organisation with such a company listed as collaborator. Hospital groups and other providers that ClinicalTrials.gov labels “industry” are not counted. Withdrawn studies are not counted.

Journals that follow ICMJE policy require clinical trials to be registered before enrolment begins, in ClinicalTrials.gov or another accepted registry; observational studies have no such requirement, so registered observational studies are a small, selective part of observational research. These figures count studies recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov; they do not measure total research volume, study completion or financial investment.

Two different measures of different records, each on its own chart and its own scale. Industry in papers comes from the publication code: declared interests, grants, author affiliations and linked registration. Industry in registrations comes from one registry field, the lead sponsor. Their shares should not be read as one figure.

Industry in registrations means a lead sponsor that is a company making or selling health products (drugs, vaccines, biotechnology, devices, diagnostics, health software or medical nutrition), as the industry guide defines it in its section two, or a contract research organisation with such a company listed as collaborator. Hospital groups and other providers that ClinicalTrials.gov labels “industry” are not counted. Withdrawn studies are not counted.

Journals that follow ICMJE policy require clinical trials to be registered before enrolment begins, in ClinicalTrials.gov or another accepted registry; observational studies have no such requirement, so registered observational studies are a small, selective part of observational research. These figures count studies recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov; they do not measure total research volume, study completion or financial investment.

The two charts use different scales: compare their patterns over time, not their bar lengths.

A registration counts as matched when an observational paper carries its NCT number as its own registration: a lower bound, since observational papers are under no requirement to cite one. The overlap is never subtracted from either count, and papers and registrations are never added into one total.

Pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical-device companies that lead industry-led clinical trials and observational studies listing a Saudi site, 2021–2025. Each study is credited to one company, exactly as the industry-led counts decide it: its lead sponsor or, for a contract research organisation's study, its company collaborator listed in the registration. So the companies' studies add up to the industry-led totals. Names are shown as registered, with no grouping into parent companies, so one group may appear under more than one name.

Only studies listing a Saudi site are counted; a company's studies elsewhere are not. Trials and observational studies are different record types and are never added together. The counts describe registered activity; they do not measure investment, quality or performance.

Industry in registrations means a lead sponsor that is a company making or selling health products (drugs, vaccines, biotechnology, devices, diagnostics, health software or medical nutrition), as the industry guide defines it in its section two, or a contract research organisation with such a company listed as collaborator. Hospital groups and other providers that ClinicalTrials.gov labels “industry” are not counted. Withdrawn studies are not counted.

Journals that follow ICMJE policy require clinical trials to be registered before enrolment begins, in ClinicalTrials.gov or another accepted registry; observational studies have no such requirement, so registered observational studies are a small, selective part of observational research. These figures count studies recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov; they do not measure total research volume, study completion or financial investment.

Industry in papers comes from each paper's own industry code; industry in registrations comes from the lead sponsor. They are different measures of different records and are never combined.

Covers 2021–2025; the year control does not apply.

A panel for each company credited with three or more studies, trials and observational studies taken together for this choice only; the panels open with the most clinical trials, ties A–Z. Each count opens its records.

Trials by phase: a trial registered across two phases counts in both, so the phases can sum to more than the trials. Studies by health area: the seventeen areas named by SNIH, in SNIH's order; a study in several areas counts in each, and a study in none is not listed. Studies by recruitment status: as recorded on the day ClinicalTrials.gov processed the data; largest first, ties A–Z. Studies by start year: the recorded start year, actual or estimated.

Every company credited with at least one industry-led study listing a Saudi site, 2021–2025, with its clinical trials and its observational studies: two counts, never one total. There is no rank column. The list opens with the most clinical trials, ties A–Z; the switch orders it by observational studies or A–Z. Every count above zero opens its records.

Trials worldwide counts the interventional trials each company leads under the same registered name, started 2021–2025, with withdrawn studies and expanded-access records left out, as in the Saudi count; trials a contract research organisation runs for a company are counted on neither side. The share is the company's trials listing a Saudi site over its trials worldwide. It describes where trials are registered; it does not measure investment, commitment or quality. A company with no trial listing a Saudi site shows a dash in both. The list is never ordered by the share.

Trials listing a Saudi site: ClinicalTrials.gov data of 3 November 2026; trials worldwide: ClinicalTrials.gov data of 9 November 2026.